“If agriculture goes wrong, nothing else will have a chance to go right in the country”
– M S Swaminathan, Indian agronomist and agricultural scientist
Agriculture stands as the backbone of many economies worldwide, playing a vital role in
ensuring food security and sustaining livelihoods. In India, agriculture is not only a
significant contributor to the national economy but also a source of livelihood for a
substantial portion of the population. According to the latest statistics (FY 2021-22) from the
Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare (DAFW) , agriculture contributes
approximately 18.8 % to India’s Gross Value Added (GVA), making it a crucial sector for
economic growth and development. According to the Food and Agricultural Organisation(FAO) reports , India is the world’s largest producer of milk, pulses and jute and ranks as the
second largest producer of rice, wheat, sugarcane, groundnut, vegetables, fruit and cotton.
Fig 1: Percentage share of Agriculture to GVA
What is the problem?
However, the productivity and sustainability of agricultural systems face numerous
challenges, among which plant diseases pose a significant threat
Plant diseases have significant implications for crop yield and the agricultural economy:
Reduced Crop Yield : Diseased plants often have lower photosynthetic efficiency, leading
to reduced growth and yield. Fungal infections, for instance, can cause premature death of
plant tissues, affecting overall productivity. FAO states that plant diseases can cause up to
40% reduction in crop yields globally, highlighting the urgent need for effective disease
management strategies.
Quality Loss : Diseases can impact the quality of harvested crops, making them unsuitable
for consumption or commercial use. This not only affects farmers but also consumers and
industries relying on these crops.
Economic Loss : Crop diseases result in economic losses for farmers due to reduced yields
and the costs associated with disease management practices, including pesticides and other
control measures. According to FAO the loss in global production causes 200 billion dollars
globally.
Source: FAO by UN
Food Security Concerns : Plant diseases threaten global food security. With a growing
population, ensuring healthy and disease-free crops is crucial to meet the increasing food
demand worldwide. FAO estimates that the world will need 50 % more food by 2050 to feed
the increasing global population in the context of natural resource constraints, environmental
pollution, ecological degradation and climate change. This means we have to produce more
with less by increasing productivity and healthy diets, reducing crop and food loss, and
saving natural resources
What do we know?
There has been a huge number of strides seen in plant pathology from 1888 till 2015. Various
dangerous diseases among agricultural plants have been discovered in that time period.
One such instance is the discovery of blight disease in the potato plants. According to an
article by College of Agriculture, Health and Natural resources, University of
Connecticut , blight disease variants were first reported in the 1830s in Europe and in the
United States of America.
The Great Hunger of Ireland
Potato Blight is famous for being the cause of the 1840s Irish Potato Famine, when a million
people starved and a million and a half people emigrated. Late blight continued to be a
devastating problem until the 1880s when the first fungicide was discovered. In recent years,
it has re-emerged as a problem. It is favoured by cool, moist weather and can kill plants
within two weeks if conditions are right.
Source: Kaggle – Plant Village Dataset
Farmers encounter several challenges when it comes to identifying and managing plant
diseases:
Early Detection Difficulties : Traditional symptoms of diseases often become visible
only at later stages of infection. When farmers notice these symptoms, the condition
might have spread significantly, making it harder to control.
Variability in Symptoms : Diseases can manifest differently based on factors like
plant species, soil conditions, and climate. Recognizing these variations requires a
keen eye and experience, which not all farmers possess.
Time and Resource Constraints : Conducting manual inspections across extensive
farmlands is time-consuming and labour-intensive. Farmers may need more resources
to inspect each plant regularly, leading to delayed detection and response.
Traditional methods of disease detection, such as visual inspection and manual diagnosis,
have their limitations:
Subjectivity : Visual inspection relies on the observer’s expertise and may be
subjective. Different individuals might interpret symptoms differently, leading to
inconsistencies in diagnosis.
Time-Consuming : Manual inspection of crops is a time-consuming process,
especially in large agricultural fields. This delay in detection can allow diseases to
spread rapidly, leading to substantial crop damage.
Dependency on Environmental Conditions : Weather conditions, lighting, and other
environmental factors can affect the visibility of disease symptoms. This dependency
can further complicate accurate disease diagnosis.
Early and accurate disease detection is crucial for preventing yield loss and optimizing
resource use.
How Modern Technology can help us with this problem?
“Agriculture is our wisest pursuit, because it will in the end contribute most to real
wealth, good morals & happiness.” – Thomas Jefferson, 3rd United States President
With the advent of technology, particularly smartphones and Artificial Intelligence (AI), there
exists a remarkable opportunity to revolutionize the way we approach disease detection in
crops. According to a survey , the number of smartphone users in India was estimated to
reach over one billion in 2023. It was estimated that by 2040, the number of smartphone
users in India will reach 1.55 billion. Another survey shows that 70 – 80% of the farmers in
India have access to a smartphone. AI into smartphone apps for plant disease detection
enhances accessibility, affordability, and efficiency, empowering farmers with tools to protect
their crops and livelihoods.
Let’s see it from a farmer’s perspective
Imagine a farmer noticing something strange with their plants — maybe they have spots or
look unhealthy. In case they are not familiar with the observation, they can open up an app on
their smartphone, point the camera at the plant, and snap a picture. Upload to it the
application.
Now there are 2 possible approaches the application can take:
With the help of advanced image processing models trained using an extensive
sample space of images, the AI under the hood analyses the image and gives an
accurate response about the malignity and the precautionary measures
The app sends the image to a server where AI models are present and they analyse the
image and send back a response with the diagnosis and a feasible solution to alleviate
the symptoms. If the AI does not recognise the symptom, it sends the image to a plant
pathology lab or expert and gets back along with their advice.
Such an AI-driven approach empowers farmers with rapid and scalable solutions, enhancing
their ability to protect crops and ensure food security. AI-driven disease classification not
only expedites the detection process but also provides valuable insights, enabling farmers to
optimize resources.
The benefits of using such AI detection systems are:
Timely Disease Detection : AI enables early detection of diseases, allowing farmers
to implement timely interventions, preventing extensive crop damage and ensuring
higher yields.
Precision Agriculture : AI facilitates precision agriculture by enabling targeted
application of treatments reducing the use of pesticides and fertilizers, which
contributes to environmental sustainability.
Increased Productivity : By mitigating crop losses, AI-driven disease management
enhances agricultural productivity, supporting farmers’ livelihoods and contributing to
economic growth.
Environmental Conservation : Reduced use of chemical inputs due to targeted
treatments minimizes environmental pollution, benefiting ecosystems and
biodiversity.
Data-Driven Insights : AI systems generate valuable data and insights, enabling
data-driven decision-making for farmers, agricultural researchers, and policymakers,
leading to informed agrarian practices and policies.
Farm Forensics – The Sherlock of Agriculture
The first method for the use case of detecting potato blight disease is demonstrated here by
Farm Forensics, which employs a basic Deep Learning model called a Convolution Neural
Network (CNN).
Future seems bright for the Sherlock of Agriculture
Farm Forensics is a simple to use web-based utility, still in its nascent stages and aims to
cover most of the agricultural plants’ diseases and help the farmers. It aims to connect
domain experts and deliver accurate knowledge to the farmers.
The future of AI in agriculture is promising, with ongoing research and innovation poised to
revolutionize the industry further. Advancements in AI algorithms, coupled with the
proliferation of IoT devices and sensors in agricultural settings, will enable more
comprehensive and real-time monitoring of crops. AI-powered predictive models will
anticipate disease outbreaks, optimize irrigation, and enhance farm management.
“Agriculture changes the landscape more than anything else we do. It alters the
composition of species. We don’t realize it when we sit down to eat, but that is our most
profound engagement with the rest of nature.” – Michael Pollan, American author and
journalist
As we move forward, embracing the full potential of AI in agriculture and disease
management will be crucial. Continued research, investment, and adoption of AI technologies
will pave the way for a future where farmers can produce bountiful, sustainable harvests,
ensuring a stable food supply for growing populations and a healthier planet for all.
“Accurate data is the lifeblood of good policies and decision making”
As nations and organisations strive to solve social problems around the world, the lack of accurate data has often been cited as a primary reason why policies do not translate into effective on-ground solutions. The reality in urban informal settlements is no different. They manifest multidimensional deprivation, characterised by a lack of secure tenure, inaccessibility, and inadequate sanitation and health services which marginalises the slum dwellers. Governments and NGOs also find it extremely difficult to effectively target vulnerable communities due to the lack of reliable data. Data on slum settlements is crucial for the inclusion of these underserved communities in city level development plans.
Realising the dire need for safe and hygienic sanitation facilities and practices, Pratima started leveraging data and technology since the late 90s when she realised that data with the Urban Local Bodies was inconclusive and disjointed with the on-ground reality. This propelled the need for a data system that would provide unfailing results. A year of continuous efforts and iterations resulted in a well-tailored Geographical Information System (GIS). It catered to the needs of slum mapping, and spatial layout formation. It also helped to link the socio-economic surveys taken to individual dwellings/house structures that were mapped on GIS. Our granular spatial data harnesses the power of geo-visualisation for effective planning and monitoring of our Sanitation, Housing and Covid-relief projects.
The communities form the backbone of Shelter Associates’ data-driven approach, as they are involved in conducting survey, creating awareness and making sure the data sets are inclusive. This spatial data is then shared with the respective Urban Local Bodies for validation. Once the process is complete, the data is made public on our website while it is also linked to the ULB’s website making it freely available for all to use.
The co-created data helps immensely in bridging the information gap. SA gives slum-dwellers a voice by arming them with data about their community, empowering them to make decisions making them partners in the developmental process.
Sunita Nadhamuni
Chairperson, Arghyam
Implementing a Data-centric Public Health Technology System
TBD
Meera k
Founder & Trustee, Oorvani Foundation
Datajams for Public Problem Solving
OpenCity.in is a leading urban data platform that democratises city data across India by enhancing transparency, fostering understanding and facilitating civic engagement. Alongside hosting an urban open data repository, we work to build a strong open data community.
OpenCity collaborative events or “jams” enable citizens to participate in finding solutions to urban issues; they serve as an effective tool for public problem solving. These events bring together participants from diverse and multidisciplinary backgrounds to open up data, analyse it, and derive actionable insights. From water management to urban mobility, our crowdsourcing projects, datajams, hackathons, and solution jams, have become instrumental in breaking down data silos, revealing patterns, and constructing “what-if” scenarios to propose innovative solutions to pressing public issues.
Through these initiatives, OpenCity provides opportunities for the public to engage with urban issues, which can lead to actionable insights and potential solutions. Our approach brings the power of collective intelligence to drive civic action for better cities.
Panel Chair
Dr. Prabhdeep Kaur
Chair & Professor, Isaac, Centre for Public Health, IISc
Panel Chair
Prof. Vijay Kovvali
Research Professor, CiSTUP, IISc
Lt col V S Velan
CTO, Elena Geo Systems Pvt Ltd
TBD
TBD
K. V. S. Hari
Director, Centre for Brain Research, IISc, Bangalore
Challenges Faced with Longitudinal Studies in Healthcare’
The talk will present details of two longitudinal cohort studies in the context of ageing brain research. One study is in the urban area and the other in a rural area. The challenges of sustaining a large cohort of several thousand participants over several years along with the handling of large data that is generated from such studies will be presented.
Workshop 8 – Healthcare Knowledge Graphs and Analytics
The workshop on Healthcare Knowledge Graphs and Analytics will explore how data modelling for healthcare, and NLP techniques can revolutionise healthcare by standardising data and analytics paving the way to building comprehensive knowledge graphs with ability for semantic reasoning and machine interpretable data and machine automatable algorithms. Participants will gain insights into the development and application of knowledge graphs in healthcare settings, focusing on real-world case studies and cutting-edge research.
Workshop 7 – Introduction to MLOps in the GenAI age
The Introduction to MLOps in the GenAI Age workshop will provide an end-to-end demonstration of MLOps workflows, covering ETL and analytics. Attendees will engage in hands-on activities, developing ETL blocks to extract data from IUDX, storing it in ML-compliant formats, and processing it at scale using MLOps on Kubernetes. The session will include a 30-minute overview of MLOps architectures followed by a 1-hour code-heavy tutorial, ensuring participants gain practical experience in implementing these workflows.
Workshop 2 – Harnessing the Power of Remote Sensing Data
The workshop on Harnessing the Power of Remote Sensing Data will delve into the transformative potential of remote sensing technologies in various sectors, including environmental monitoring, urban planning, and disaster management. Participants will explore techniques for data acquisition, processing, and analysis, gaining hands-on experience with tools that enable precise, large-scale observations of the Earth’s surface. This session will provide valuable insights into how remote sensing data can be effectively utilised to drive informed decision-making and innovation.
Workshop 5 – Geospatial Data Processing on the Geospatial Data Exchange (GSX) Platform
This workshop will introduce participants to a pivotal geospatial data exchange platform that supports the National Geospatial Policy (NGP 2022). Attendees will explore the platform’s capabilities, including data exploration, user-consumer interactions, and analytics. This hands-on session is essential for anyone involved in geospatial data, offering practical insights into how to build innovative applications using the geospatial data exchange.
Workshop 3 – Demos on Secure Data Handling Using Privacy Enhancing Technologies
The workshop on Demos on Secure Data Handling Using Privacy Enhancing Technologies will showcase practical demonstrations of cutting-edge privacy-enhancing technologies, including Differential Privacy, Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs) and Secure Multiparty Computation (SMPC). Participants will gain practical insights into how these technologies can be integrated into industry solutions and government systems, enabling secure collaboration and innovation while adhering to regulatory requirements. This session is ideal for those looking to explore new applications in the area of secure computing and privacy-preserving data analysis.
Workshop 4 – Young Researchers’s Forum on Data and AI for Public Good
The Young Researchers’ Forum on Data and AI for Public Good will feature engaging poster sessions from early-career researchers, including Postdocs, PhD students, and Master’s by Research candidates. This symposium provides a platform for emerging scholars to showcase their innovative research on leveraging data and AI to address public good challenges, fostering discussions and networking opportunities with peers and experts in the field.
Workshop 6 – Data for Urban Good: IUDX Dashboards and Sandboxes
The IUDX Dashboards and Sandboxes workshop will highlight the transformative potential of the India Urban Data Exchange platform, deployed in over 50 cities across India. This session will demonstrate how IUDX can be leveraged to create data-driven dashboards for city governance, focusing on impactful use cases in traffic management, solid waste management, and green corridor management, integrating data analytics and geospatial technologies.
Workshop 1 – Education and Training for Responsible AI
The Education and Training for Responsible AI will have leading educators and practitioners from industry and academia to examine how teaching and training occurs in this fast moving space, and how flexible, life-long learning is inculcated in alignment with the National Education Policy (NEP). This will cover both degree-based training universities, certifications through edtech companies, and internal training imparted by the learning teams within companies. The unique needs of training on data and AI for public good will be explored.
Akhilesh Srivastava
Road Safety Ambassador, International Road Federation Advisor, Project India Road Safety 2.0, WEF
Manpreet Singh
Chief Program Officer – National Urban Digital Mission
Dayanidhi D
Director, Engineering & Growth, Namma Yatri
Anoop Bhatt
Executive Officer, Head Powertrain & xEV Engineering Maruti Suzuki India Limited
Abhijeet Sinha
National Program Director – Ease of Doing Business, Project Director – NHEV, President – CPOs of India, & Ex-CAG Member
Rahul Pandey
Sr. Operations Officer, World Bank Health Systems
Dr Himanshu Chauhan
TBD
Dr Prashant Mathur
Director, ICMR-NCDIR
Rukmini S
Founder & Director, Data For India
Session Chair
Tulika Pandey
Senior Director, MeitY
Session Chair
Aurindam Bhattacharya
TBD
Rajeev Sadanandan
CEO, Health System Transformation Platform
Session Chair
Pankaj Mishra
Deputy Surveyor General, NIGST, SOI, Hyderabad
Swarup E
Technical Lead, Analytics Systems, CDPG
TBD
TBD
Anand Lakshmanan
TBD
TBD
TBD
Rakshit Ramesh
Engineering Director, CDPG
TBD
TBD
Dr. Jyotirmoy Dutta
Principal Scientist & Program Manager, CDPG
TBD
TBD
Dr. Prasanta Ghosh
Associate Professor, IISc
Capturing the Spoken Language Landscape of India for an Inclusive Digital India
Digital interfaces and communications have become critical for access to information, entertainment, economic opportunities and even essential services such as healthcare. Speech is the most natural form of communication, and most Indians are not digital natives comfortable with typing or English. We need spoken language interfaces that work for all variations and dialects. But such data barely exists. IISc-ARTPARK’s umbrella of open-source speech data initiatives are capturing the true diversity of India’s spoken languages to propel language AI technologies and content for an inclusive digital India, in collaboration with Bhashini, MEITY.
Mahidhar Chellamani
Engineering Director, CDPG
TBD
TBD
Arathi Sreekumari
TBD
TBD
TBD
Prof. Mitesh Khapra
TBD
TBD
TBD
Abhilash Soudararajan
TBD
TBD
TBD
Sashi
TBD
TBD
TBD
Deepak
TBD
TBD
TBD
Dr. Bharti Garg
TBD
TBD
TBD
Pankaj Jalote
TBD
TBD
TBD
Raghu Dharmaraju
CEO, ARTPARK, IISc
MIDAS India: Building a National System for High-Quality Data in Health – Why, What, How
High-quality data is the key to realizing the promise of AI in healthcare. ICMR (Indian Council of Medical Research), IISc and ARTPARK are building MIDAS India, a national system for gold standard datasets to enable research, validation and deployment of AI-based solutions. It is a DPI (digital public infrastructure)-enabled, thematic hubs-and-spokes system through which purpose-appropriate datasets that reflect the diversity of India’s population, settings and needs can be collected, curated and made available. The effort has been kicked off in collaboration with AIIMS New Delhi and several other institutions across the country, starting with Oral Cancer screening.
Sasikumar Ganesan
Head of Engineering, Modular Open Source Identity Platform (MOSIP)
TBD
TBD
Geospatial Data Applications – The Perspectives from Practitioners
The invited talks session on Geospatial Data Applications: Perspectives from Practitioners will offer insights from industry experts on the practical applications of geospatial data in various sectors. Attendees will gain a deeper understanding of how geospatial technologies are being leveraged for real-world problem-solving, from urban planning to environmental management. In addition, the practitioners will speak on the challenges they speak and how a geospatial data exchange can help in accessing the data and shorten the product development cycle.
Invited Talk Session 4 – Data for Public Good: Best Practices and Lessons Learned
It is well established that if properly harnessed, data has the power to transform societies. However, in practice, the pathway to achieving societal impact is not so straightforward. This session focuses on the challenges that are typically faced in the journey of utilising data to realise positive change. There will be talks by experts who have a long experience in this field, and they will describe some of the best practices and the lessons learned.
Invited Talks Session 1 – Data Collection and Privacy
Data collection is the first step and is also one of the hardest challenges in realising the potential of data for public good. Often, the required data is not easily available, it is incomplete or erroneous, the formats are not standardised, and the sources are disparate. In many cases, some special tools need to be developed for the purpose of data collection, especially in situations where connectivity is poor. In addition, issues related to data privacy, security, and governance need to be addressed before the data can be shared for building useful applications. This session will focus on some recent large data collection efforts and address some of the privacy governance issues.
Shekar Sivasubramanian
CEO, Wadhwani Institute for Artificial Intelligence
TBD
TBD
Rajesh Gupta
General Manager, Strategic Accounts, Invas Technologies (P) Ltd.
SmartKheti – Improving Farm Productivity and Life of Farmers
SMARTKHETI is a One M2M based integrated platform designed to revolutionise modern farming by providing farmers with comprehensive tools for automation, real-time visibility, and market access. This proposal outlines a cutting-edge system that combines Internet of Things (IoT) technology with web-based applications to offer farmers advanced capabilities, including farm automation, real-time crop monitoring, weather updates, government alerts, market pricing, and equipment rental services. Smart Kheti is certified by ICAR, Delhi
Dr. Aniruddha Roy
CTO, Genesys International Corporation Ltd
Genesys Content Program: Transforming Cities into Digital Twins through Technological Innovation
The advent of 3D urban spatial Digital Twins marks a significant milestone in the management of modern cities. This presentation will delve into the transformative potential of these technologies, particularly in the context of India’s National Geospatial Policy 2022. By exploring how Genesys’ content program is spearheading the creation of detailed, city-centric datasets, the talk will highlight the practical applications of these Digital Twins. These datasets not only enhance urban planning and infrastructure management but also foster a new paradigm in how cities are monitored, maintained and developed. Attendees will gain insights into the critical role geospatial data plays in shaping smarter, more resilient urban environments for the future.
Dr. VVS Kiran
Founder and CEO, Garudalytics
GeoAI for Agriculture with the Available Data
This presentation will focus on the application of GeoAI technologies in agriculture and how available data can be utilised to drive innovation and efficiency in farming practices. Emphasising the capabilities of Garudalytics’ smart mapping and AI solutions, we will explore how these tools enhance agricultural decision-making through advanced spatial analysis and predictive modelling. The discussion will include real-world examples where GeoAI has improved crop monitoring, yield prediction, resource management, and overall yield optimization. We will also address the practical challenges of integrating GeoAI into existing agricultural systems and offer strategies for maximising its benefits. Additionally, the talk will cover how GeoAI can leverage both structured and unstructured datasets to enhance agricultural outcomes, with a focus on Garudalytics’ Agri AI solution for integrating diverse datasets, including in-situ data.
Dr Manjula Das
Deputy Director & Chief of Operations, CPDTRI Laboratory Director, ADRC PI, Molecular Immunology, Mazumdar Shaw Medical Foundation (MSMF) Director, Beyond Antibody LLP
Data Designs Diagnostics and Drugs
Till the late 20th century healthcare has been the forte of biology evading the clutches of mathematics. The new millennium digitised life and sciences therein leading to data-explosion. How digitization and data is propelling healthcare for public good will be discussed with specific examples from the world of diagnostics and therapeutics.
Dr. Abhay Sharma
CTO, CDPG
Incorporating Privacy Enhancing Technologies in Computation and Exchange of Sensitive Data
As organisations increasingly rely on data-driven insights to fuel innovation, collaboration and decision-making, the need to process sensitive data, such as data containing PII, confidential business information etc., securely has become more critical than ever. Further, the organisations are increasingly tasked with balancing the utility of data with the need to protect individual privacy. Traditional methods of data protection and data anonymization often fall short, especially when computations are performed on datasets containing sensitive information. Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PETs) offer a transformative technological approach, enabling secure computation and further, enabling balancing privacy and utility while working with the underlying data.
This talk will explore the integration of PETs into computational processes involving sensitive and private data, and securing data in its different states: at rest, in transit, in-use and post-use. We will discuss the role of foundational PETs such as Confidential computation with hardware based Secure Enclaves, secure multi-party computation, homomorphic encryption, and federated learning, examining how these technologies protect data across its lifecycle, ensuring that sensitive information remains secure whether it is stored, transmitted, actively processed or released after undergoing some aggregation transformation. We will also discuss implementation, performance and deployment issues concerning PETs. We will present different use cases where secure computation is paramount and PETs become a key enabler. Overall the talk will provide a good overview on how PETs can be effectively incorporated into computational workflows to enhance data privacy across all stages and provide some actionable insights on leveraging PETs to securely manage and compute sensitive data in your organization.
Ramesh Loganathan
TBD
TBD
TBD
Naresh Soni
CEO, DeepMatrix
TBD
TBD
Nikhil Kumar
TBD
TBD
TBD
Prof Anjula
TBD
TBD
TBD
Jaya Dhindaw
Executive Program Director, Sustainable Cities & Director, WRI India Ross Centers
TBD
TBD
Usha
TBD
TBD
TBD
Uma Nambiar
TBD
TBD
TBD
Workshop 9 – Hackathon Finale
The Hackathon Finale will bring together the brightest minds who have been competing to develop cutting-edge solutions for the urban mobility problem in Bengaluru. During this session, the top teams will present their innovative projects, demonstrating how they’ve created solutions to given problem statements of the hackathon. Judges will evaluate the solutions based on the accuracy of the results, novelty, and feasibility, leading to the announcement of the winning teams. Join us for an inspiring showcase of innovation and a glimpse into the future of tech-driven problem-solving.
Abhijeet Sinha
Program Director – Ease of Doing Business, Project Director- NHEV, President – CPOS India, Director DIISHA
Panel Discussion – Roadblocks to Achieving Sustainable Mobility
The panel discussion on “Roadblocks to Achieving Sustainable Mobility” will explore the critical challenges hindering the transition to sustainable transportation systems. Experts from various sectors will examine barriers such as inadequate infrastructure, policy gaps, technological limitations, and societal resistance. The discussion will also focus on innovative solutions and collaborative approaches needed to overcome these obstacles, ensuring a more sustainable and equitable mobility future for all.